Name: ____________________
Introduction to the Essay
Directions:
Look at the essays below.
Write numbers (1, 2, 3, etc.) next to the paragraphs to show which
paragraphs should come first, second, third, etc.
The first one has been done for
you. Be prepared to explain your answers to a tutor.
_____
“The first step is to capture solar radiation. That is, the sun’s energy must be absorbed by a solar heat collector, which is usually built on a south-facing roof. The collector has several layers of material. It has a glass plate and a metal absorber plate, which is painted black to increase its ability to absorb heat. Next to the absorber plate are copper tubes, which are filled with transfer fluid. The tubes are surrounded by foam insulation and aluminum casing to help hold the heat in them. The process of trapping the sun’s radiation is as follows. As the sun shines through the glass plate, its thermal energy is absorbed by the copper absorber plate. This heat is conducted from the plate to the tubes. The heat from the tubes is then conducted to the fluid flowing through them.”
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“Dispensing the hot water is the final step in the process. The water flows from the outlet valve through pipes to faucets throughout the house.”
1 (Introductory Paragraph with Thesis Statement)
“A solar hot water system collects and converts solar radiation into usable energy for the purpose of heating water. The use of solar radiation for heating water is an inexpensive and environmentally responsible substitute for heating by gas or electricity. The main parts of a solar hot water system are a collector, a hot water storage tank, and a distribution system. The main steps in the process of heating water by using the sun’s rays are trapping the sun’s energy, heating and storing the hot water, and dispensing the water at points of use.”
_____
“In summary, the process of collecting and converting solar energy for us in a solar hot water system involves three steps. First, collectors absorb the sun’s energy, which is then transferred to fluid in copper tubes. These tubes run from the collector to a tank, where the water is heated and stored. Finally the hot water is distributed through pipes to wherever it is needed. Although initially expensive to install, solar heating systems are economical in the long run—at least until utility companies figure out how to charge us for sunshine!
_____
“After trapping heat from the sun, the second step is to transfer this heat to water which is stored in a n insulated tank. The hot fluid from the collector is circulated by a pump through copper coils inside the tank. The heat is conducted by the coils to the water. When the supply of solar radiation is reduced on cloudy days, an auxiliary system can take over.”
_____
“First of all, native Americans left a permanent imprint on the English language. The early settlers borrowed words from several different Native American languages to name the new places and new objects that they had found in their new land. All across the country, one can find cities, towns, rivers, and states with Native American names. For example, the states of Delaware, Iowa, Illinois, and Alabama are named after Native American tribes, as are the cities of Chicago, Miami, and Spokane. In addition to place names, English has adopted many everyday words from various Native American languages. The words chipmunk, moose, raccoon, skunk, moccasin, and potato are just a few examples.”
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“Finally, it may surprise some people to learn that Americans are also indebted to one tribe for our form of government. The Iroquois, who were an extremely large tribe with many branches and sub-branches (called “nations”), had developed a highly sophisticated system of government to keep the branches of the tribe from fighting one another. Five of the nations had joined together in a confederation called “The League of the Iroquois.” Under the League, each nation was autonomous in running its own internal affairs, but the nations acted as a unit when dealing with outsiders. The League kept the Iroquois from fighting among themselves and was also valuable in diplomatic relations with other tribes. When the thirteen American colonies were considering what kind of government to establish after they won their independence form Britain, someone suggested that they use a system similar to the League of the Iroquois. Under this system, each colony or future state would be autonomous in managing its own affairs but would joining forces with the other states to deal with matters that concerned them all. This is exactly what happened. As a result, the present form of government of the United States can be traced directly back to a Na6ive American model.”
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“In addition to language and art, agriculture is another area in which Native American had a great and lasting influence. Being skilled farmers, the Native Americans of North America taught the newcomers many things about farming techniques and crops. Every American school child has heard the story of how Native American taught the first settlers to place a dead fish in a planting hole to provide fertilizer for the growing plant. Furthermore, they taught the settlers irrigation methods and crop rotation. In addition, many of the foods we eat today were introduced to the Europeans by Native Americans. For example, potatoes, corn, chocolate, and peanuts were unknown in Europe. Now they are staples in the American diet.
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“When the first Europeans began to settle the North American continent, they encountered a completely new culture: the native American tribes of North America. Native Americans, who had a highly developed culture in many respects, must have been as curious about the strange European manners and customs as were the Europeans about Native Americans. As always happens when two cultures come into contact, there was a cultural exchange. Native Americans adopted some of the Europeans’ ways, and the Europeans adopted some of their ways. As a result, Native Americans have made many valuable contributions to American culture, particularly in the areas of language, art, food, and government.”
_____
“In conclusion, we can easily see form these few examples the extent of native American influence on our language, our art forms, our eating habits, and our government. Modern Americans are truly indebted to Native Americans for their contributions to their culture. Hopefully, the cultural exchange will one day prove to be equally positive for them.”
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“Although the vocabulary of English is the areas that shows the most Native American influence, it is not the only area of American culture that was changed by contact with Native Americans. Art is another area showing the mark of Native American contact. Wool rugs woven by women of the Navajo tribe in Arizona and New Mexico are highly valued works of art in the United States. Also, Native American jewelry made from silver and turquoise is very popular and very expensive. Especially in the western and southwestern regions of the United States, native crafts such pottery, handcrafted leather products, and beadwork can be found in many home. Indeed, native art and handicrafts have become a treasured part of American culture.
Adapted
From:
Hogue, A. & Oshima, A. (1991). Writing Academic English. New York: Addison Wesley.