Intermolecular and Intramolecular Forces
| Force | Model | Basis of Attraction | Energy (kJ/mol) | Example |
| Intramolecular | ||||
| Ionic | |
Opposite charges | 4000 – 400 | NaCl |
| Covalent | |
Nuclei – shared e- pair | 1100 – 150 | H - H |
| Metallic | |
Metal cations and delocalized electrons | 1000 – 75 | Au |
| Intermolecular | ||||
| Ion-dipole | |
Ion and polar molecule | 600 – 40 | Na+ & H2O |
| Dipole-dipole | |
Partial charges of polar molcules | 25 – 5 | HCl & HCl |
| Hydrogen bond | |
H bonded to N, O, or F, and another N, O, or F | 40 – 10 | H2O & NH3 |
| London dispersion | |
Induced dipoles of polarizable molecules | 40 – 0.05 | Xe & Xe |